{"id":1321,"date":"2024-01-07T15:12:59","date_gmt":"2024-01-07T07:12:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/?p=1321"},"modified":"2024-01-07T15:12:59","modified_gmt":"2024-01-07T07:12:59","slug":"%e8%a8%88%e9%87%8f%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e5%ad%b8%e4%bd%9c%e6%a5%ad-u10-regression-with-panel-data","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/?p=1321","title":{"rendered":"\u8a08\u91cf\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4f5c\u696d U10 Regression with Panel Data"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">10.1 Panel Data<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"0de7eb93-9cd3-46b1-bcef-b7cc866148a0\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-7\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-8\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-9\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u500b\u5be6\u9ad4\u5728\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"0de7eb93-9cd3-46b1-bcef-b7cc866148a0\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2265;&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-10\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-11\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-12\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-13\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2265<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-14\" class=\"mjx-mn MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u500b\u6642\u9593\u6bb5\u9032\u884c\u89c0\u5bdf\u3002\u9019\u8868\u793a\u70ba<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"MJXc-Node-17\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">(<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-18\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-19\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">X<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-20\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-21\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-22\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-23\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-24\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-25\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-26\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">Y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-27\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-28\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-29\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-30\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-31\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">)<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-32\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-33\" class=\"mjx-mtext MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-34\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-35\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-36\" class=\"mjx-mn MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-37\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-38\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-39\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-40\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">n<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-41\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-42\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-43\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-44\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">and<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-45\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-46\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-47\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-48\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-49\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-50\" class=\"mjx-mn MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-51\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-52\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-53\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-54\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Fatalities$fatal_rate &lt;- Fatalities$fatal \/ Fatalities$pop * 10000<\/p>\n<p>Fatalities1982 &lt;- subset(Fatalities, year == &#8220;1982&#8221;)<br \/>\nFatalities1988 &lt;- subset(Fatalities, year == &#8220;1988&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>fatal1982_mod &lt;- lm(fatal_rate ~ beertax, data = Fatalities1982)<br \/>\nfatal1988_mod &lt;- lm(fatal_rate ~ beertax, data = Fatalities1988)<\/p>\n<p>coeftest(fatal1982_mod, vcov. = vcovHC, type = &#8220;HC1&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>coeftest(fatal1988_mod, vcov. = vcovHC, type = &#8220;HC1&#8221;)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4f30\u8a08\u7684\u56de\u6b78\u51fd\u6578\u70ba<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"MJXc-Node-71\" class=\"mjx-mtr\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-72\" class=\"mjx-mtd\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-73\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-74\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-75\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-76\" class=\"mjx-munderover\"><span class=\"mjx-stack\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-77\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-78\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">F<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-79\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-80\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-81\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-82\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">l<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-83\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-84\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-85\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">y<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-86\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">R<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-87\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-88\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-89\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-91\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-92\" class=\"mjx-mtd\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-93\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-94\" class=\"mjx-mspace\"><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-95\" class=\"mjx-munder\"><span class=\"mjx-itable\"><span class=\"mjx-row\"><span class=\"mjx-cell\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-96\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">2.01<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-101\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-102\" class=\"mjx-munder MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-itable\"><span class=\"mjx-row\"><span class=\"mjx-cell\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-103\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">0.15<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-108\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-109\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">B<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-110\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-111\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-112\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">r<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-113\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-114\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-115\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">x\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-117\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">(<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-118\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1982<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-119\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0data<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-120\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">)<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-121\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"MJXc-Node-122\" class=\"mjx-mtr\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-123\" class=\"mjx-mtd\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-124\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-125\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-126\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-127\" class=\"mjx-munderover\"><span class=\"mjx-stack\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-128\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-129\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">F<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-130\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-131\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-132\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-133\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">l<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-134\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-135\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-136\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">y<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-137\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">R<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-138\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-139\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-140\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-142\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-143\" class=\"mjx-mtd\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-144\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-145\" class=\"mjx-mspace\"><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-146\" class=\"mjx-munder\"><span class=\"mjx-itable\"><span class=\"mjx-row\"><span class=\"mjx-cell\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-147\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1.86<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-152\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-153\" class=\"mjx-munder MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-itable\"><span class=\"mjx-row\"><span class=\"mjx-cell\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-154\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">0.44<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-159\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-160\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">B<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-161\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-162\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-163\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">r<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-164\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-165\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-166\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">x\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-168\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">(<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-169\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1988<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-170\" class=\"mjx-mtext\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00a0data<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-171\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">)<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-172\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.econometrics-with-r.org\/ITER_files\/figure-html\/unnamed-chunk-420-1.png\" width=\"547\" height=\"391\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.econometrics-with-r.org\/ITER_files\/figure-html\/unnamed-chunk-420-2.png\" width=\"545\" height=\"389\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5169\u500b\u5716\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u9ede\u4ee3\u8868\u76f8\u61c9\u5e74\u4efd\u5167\u4e00\u500b\u5dde\u7684\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u89c0\u5bdf\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u6b78\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4e4b\u9593\u5448\u73fe\u6b63\u5411\u95dc\u4fc2\u30021988\u5e74\u6578\u64da\u4e2d\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u7684\u4f30\u8a08\u4fc2\u6578\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f1982\u5e74\u6578\u64da\u7684\u4e09\u500d\u3002\u9019\u8207\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9810\u671f\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a\u9152\u7cbe\u7a05\u61c9\u8a72\u964d\u4f4e\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u907a\u6f0f\u8b8a\u91cf\u504f\u8aa4\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u5305\u62ec\u4efb\u4f55\u5354\u8b8a\u91cf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u5143\u56de\u6b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u6cd5\u8003\u616e\u5230\u7701\u7565\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u5dde\u8207\u5dde\u4e4b\u9593\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u5b9a\u5728\u89c0\u5bdf\u671f\u5167\u662f\u6046\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u9152\u5f8c\u99d5\u99db\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002Panel Data\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u5c07\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4fdd\u6301\u6046\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">10.2 \u5177\u6709\u5169\u500b\u6642\u9593\u6bb5\u7684Panel Data\uff1a\u300c\u524d\u5f8c\u300d\u6bd4\u8f03<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>diff_fatal_rate &lt;- Fatalities1988$fatal_rate &#8211; Fatalities1982$fatal_rate<br \/>\ndiff_beertax &lt;- Fatalities1988$beertax &#8211; Fatalities1982$beertax<\/p>\n<p>fatal_diff_mod &lt;- lm(diff_fatal_rate ~ diff_beertax)<\/p>\n<p>coeftest(fatal_diff_mod, vcov = vcovHC, type = &#8220;HC1&#8221;)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>t test of coefficients:<\/p>\n<p>Estimate\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Std. Error\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0t value\u00a0 \u00a0 Pr(&gt;|t|)<br \/>\n(Intercept)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0-0.072037\u00a0 \u00a0 0.065355\u00a0 \u00a0 -1.1022\u00a0 \u00a0 0.276091<br \/>\ndiff_beertax\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -1.040973\u00a0 \u00a0 0.355006\u00a0 \u00a0 -2.9323\u00a0 <strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">0.005229 **<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>plot(x = as.double(diff_beertax),<br \/>\ny = as.double(diff_fatal_rate),<br \/>\nxlab = &#8220;Change in beer tax (in 1988 dollars)&#8221;,<br \/>\nylab = &#8220;Change in fatality rate (fatalities per 10000)&#8221;,<br \/>\nmain = &#8220;Changes in Traffic Fatality Rates and Beer Taxes in 1982-1988&#8221;,<br \/>\ncex.main=1,<br \/>\nxlim = c(-0.6, 0.6),<br \/>\nylim = c(-1.5, 1),<br \/>\npch = 20,<br \/>\ncol = &#8220;steelblue&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>abline(fatal_diff_mod, lwd = 1.5,col=&#8221;darkred&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>legend(&#8220;topright&#8221;,lty=1,col=&#8221;darkred&#8221;,&#8221;Estimated Regression Line&#8221;)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span id=\"MJXc-Node-304\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-305\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-306\" class=\"mjx-munderover\"><span class=\"mjx-stack\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-307\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-308\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">F<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-309\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-310\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-311\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-312\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">l<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-313\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-314\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-315\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">y<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-316\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">R<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-317\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-318\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-319\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-320\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-321\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-322\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-324\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1988<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-325\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-326\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">F<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-327\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-328\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-329\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-330\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">l<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-331\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-332\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-333\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">y<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-334\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">R<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-335\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-336\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-337\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-338\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-339\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-340\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-342\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1982<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-344\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-345\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-346\" class=\"mjx-munder\"><span class=\"mjx-itable\"><span class=\"mjx-row\"><span class=\"mjx-cell\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-347\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">0.072<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-352\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-353\" class=\"mjx-munder MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-itable\"><span class=\"mjx-row\"><span class=\"mjx-cell\"><span class=\"mjx-op\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-354\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-359\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-360\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">(<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-361\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">B<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-362\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-363\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-364\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">r<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-365\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-366\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-367\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-368\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">x\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-369\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-370\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-372\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1988<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-373\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-374\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">B<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-375\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-376\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">e<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-377\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">r<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-378\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-379\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">a<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-380\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-381\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">x\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-382\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-383\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-385\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1982<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-386\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">)<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-387\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u7684\u4f30\u8a08\u4fc2\u6578\u73fe\u5728\u70ba\u8ca0\u503c\uff0c\u4e14Pr(&gt;|t|)\u70ba0.005229 **\u986f\u8457\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c07\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u63d0\u9ad8 <span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"81209ab3-2580-4298-8f01-70be1bb76c8f\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-15-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant=&quot;normal&quot;&gt;&amp;#x0024;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-392\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-393\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-394\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">$<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-395\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\uff0c\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u6bcf\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"81209ab3-2580-4298-8f01-70be1bb76c8f\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-17-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10000&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-399\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-400\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-401\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">10000<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u4eba\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6578\u6e1b\u5c11\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"81209ab3-2580-4298-8f01-70be1bb76c8f\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-16-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1.04&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-396\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-397\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-398\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1.04<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.econometrics-with-r.org\/ITER_files\/figure-html\/unnamed-chunk-422-1.png\" width=\"632\" height=\"451\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>10.3 \u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u61c9\u8ff4\u6b78<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u61c9\u8ff4\u6b78\u6a21\u578b\u662f<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"MJXc-Node-254\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-255\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">Y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-256\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-257\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-258\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-259\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-260\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-261\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-262\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-263\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-264\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-265\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">X<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-266\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-267\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-268\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-269\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-270\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-271\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-272\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-273\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u22ef<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-274\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-275\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-276\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-277\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-278\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-279\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">X<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-280\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-281\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-282\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">k<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-283\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-284\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-285\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-286\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-287\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-288\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-289\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-290\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-291\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-292\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">u<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-293\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-294\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-295\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-296\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"7485eb5c-4d5d-465e-99bf-8b8df8f29a25\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-24-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2026;&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-297\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-298\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-299\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-300\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-301\" class=\"mjx-mn MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-302\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-303\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-304\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-305\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u548c\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"7485eb5c-4d5d-465e-99bf-8b8df8f29a25\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-25-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2026;&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;T&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-306\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-307\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-308\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-309\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-310\" class=\"mjx-mn MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-311\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-312\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-313\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-314\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u3002\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"7485eb5c-4d5d-465e-99bf-8b8df8f29a25\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-26-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&amp;#x03B1;&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-315\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-316\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-317\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-318\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-319\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u662f\u5be6\u9ad4\u7279\u5b9a\u622a\u8ddd\uff0c\u7528\u65bc\u6355\u6349\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7570\u8cea\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u8868\u793a\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"MJXc-Node-329\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-330\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">Y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-331\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-332\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-333\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-334\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-335\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">=<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-336\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-337\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-338\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-339\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-340\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-341\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-342\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-343\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-344\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">X<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-345\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-346\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-347\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">1<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-348\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-349\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-350\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-351\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-352\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u22ef<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-353\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-354\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-355\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-356\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-357\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-358\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">X<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-359\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-360\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-361\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">k<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-362\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-363\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-364\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-365\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-366\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-367\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-368\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-369\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">D<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-370\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-371\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-372\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-373\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-374\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-375\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-376\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-377\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">D<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-378\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-379\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-380\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-381\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-382\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u22ef<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-383\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-384\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-385\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">\u03b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-386\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-387\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">D<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-388\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-389\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-390\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-391\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">+<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-392\" class=\"mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-393\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">u<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-394\" class=\"mjx-texatom\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-395\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-396\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-397\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\u00a0<span class=\"math inline\" data-immersive-translate-walked=\"7485eb5c-4d5d-465e-99bf-8b8df8f29a25\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-28-Frame\" class=\"mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML\" style=\"-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; text-size-adjust: none; display: inline-table; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 17.6px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"presentation\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;\/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;#x2026;&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;\/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;\/mi&gt;&lt;\/msub&gt;&lt;\/math&gt;\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-398\" class=\"mjx-math\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-399\" class=\"mjx-mrow\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-400\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">D<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-401\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-402\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-403\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-404\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-405\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">D<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-406\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-407\" class=\"mjx-mn\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-408\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-409\" class=\"mjx-mo\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-410\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-411\" class=\"mjx-mo MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R\">,<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-412\" class=\"mjx-mi MJXc-space1\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">D<\/span><\/span><span id=\"MJXc-Node-413\" class=\"mjx-msubsup\"><span class=\"mjx-base\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-414\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mjx-sub\"><span id=\"MJXc-Node-415\" class=\"mjx-mi\"><span class=\"mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u662f\u865b\u64ec\u8b8a\u6578\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>library(plm)<\/p>\n<p>fatal_fe_mod &lt;- plm(<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>fatal_rate ~ beertax<\/strong><\/span>,<br \/>\ndata = Fatalities,<br \/>\nindex = c(<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">&#8220;state&#8221;, &#8220;year&#8221;<\/span>),<br \/>\nmodel = &#8220;within&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>coeftest(fatal_fe_mod, vcov. = vcovHC, type = &#8220;HC1&#8221;)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>t test of coefficients:<\/p>\n<p>Estimate\u00a0 \u00a0Std. Error\u00a0 \u00a0t value\u00a0 \u00a0Pr(&gt;|t|)<br \/>\nbeertax\u00a0 \u00a0 -0.65587\u00a0 \u00a00.28880\u00a0 -2.271\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 0.02388 *<\/p>\n<p>\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u7684\u4fc2\u6578\u662f\u8ca0\u7684\u4e14\u986f\u8457\u3002\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u589e\u52a0 1 \u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u6bcf 1 \u842c\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u4e8b\u6545\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4f30\u8a08\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e86 0.66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u5dde\u4e4b\u9593\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6642\u9593\u4e0a\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u96a8\u6642\u9593\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u88ab\u7701\u7565\u8b8a\u6578\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u504f\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>10.4 \u5177\u6709\u6642\u9593\u56fa\u5b9a\u6548\u61c9\u7684\u8ff4\u6b78<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>effect = \u201ctwoways\u201d \u4ee5\u7d0d\u5165state\u548c\u6642\u9593\u865b\u64ec\u8b8a\u6578<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>fatal_tefe_mod &lt;- plm(fatal_rate ~ beertax,<br \/>\ndata = Fatalities,<br \/>\nindex = c(&#8220;state&#8221;, &#8220;year&#8221;),<br \/>\nmodel = &#8220;within&#8221;,<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>effect = &#8220;twoways&#8221;)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>coeftest(fatal_tefe_mod, vcov = vcovHC, type = &#8220;HC1&#8221;)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>t test of coefficients:<\/p>\n<p>Estimate\u00a0 \u00a0Std. Error\u00a0 \u00a0t value\u00a0 \u00a0 Pr(&gt;|t|)<br \/>\nbeertax\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0-0.63998\u00a0 \u00a0 0.35015\u00a0 \u00a0 -1.8277\u00a0 \u00a0 0.06865 .<\/p>\n<p>\u4ea4\u901a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e8b\u6545\u8207\u5be6\u969b\u5564\u9152\u7a05\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4f30\u8a08\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u53d7\u56e0\u96a8\u6642\u9593\u6216\u8de8\u5dde\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u907a\u6f0f\u8b8a\u6578\u504f\u5dee\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>10.1 Panel Data \u5c0d\u00a0n\u00a0\u500b\u5be6\u9ad4\u5728\u00a0T\u22652\u500b\u6642\u9593\u6bb5\u9032\u884c\u89c0\u5bdf\u3002\u9019\u8868\u793a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1321"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1324,"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321\/revisions\/1324"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edu.secda.info\/scu12354014\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}